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Sixth major release of Os X

Mac OS 10 10.v Leopard
A version of the macOS operating system
OSXLeopard.svg
Leopard Desktop.png

Screenshot of Mac Bone Ten Leopard. Note how the Dock and window designs are unlike from previous versions of Mac Bone Ten.
Developer Apple Inc.
Bone family
Source model Airtight, with open source components
Released to
manufacturing 		Oct 26, 2007; 14 years ago  (2007-10-26) [ii]
Latest release ten.5.eight (Build 9L31a) [three] / August xiii, 2009; 12 years ago  (2009-08-xiii) [4]
Update method Apple Software Update
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC
Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)
License Commercial proprietary software [v] with Apple Public Source License (APSL)
Preceded by Mac OS X x.4 Tiger
Succeeded by Mac Bone X 10.half-dozen Snow Leopard
Official website Apple - Mac Bone X Leopard at the Wayback Machine (archived May 28, 2009)
Back up status
Unsupported every bit of near June 23, 2011, Safari support and iTunes back up terminated equally of 2012 too. [6] [7]

Mac Bone X Leopard (version 10.v) is the sixth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating arrangement for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26, 2007 as the successor of Mac OS X x.4 Tiger, and is bachelor in 2 editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac Os X Server. It retailed for $129 [2] for the desktop version and $499 for Server. [eight] Leopard was superseded past Snow Leopard (version 10.6) in 2009. Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture equally Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.

Co-ordinate to Apple tree, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger, [nine] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and programmer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Catamenia visual navigation interface commencement seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-chip graphical user interface applications, an automated fill-in utility chosen Fourth dimension Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front end Row and Photo Berth, which were previously included with just some Mac models.

Apple tree missed Leopard'south release fourth dimension frame equally originally announced by Apple's CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the terminate of 2006 or early on 2007. [x] A year later on, this was amended to Spring 2007; [eleven] nonetheless, on April 12, 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would exist delayed until October 2007 because of the evolution of the iPhone. [12]

New and inverse features [ edit ]

End-user features [ edit ]

Apple advertised that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features, [9] including:

  • A new and improved Automator , with like shooting fish in a barrel starting points to hands outset a workflow. Information technology as well can quickly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now information technology can apply a new action chosen "Watch Me Do" that lets y'all record a user action (similar pressing a push or controlling an awarding without built-in Automator support) and replay equally an action in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
  • Back to My Mac , a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet.
  • Boot Campsite , a software banana allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or afterward) or Windows Vista, on a separate division (or split up internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
  • Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets. [13]
  • New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new group feature called Stacks , which displays files in either a "fan" style, "filigree" manner, or (since 10.five.2) a "listing" style. Rory Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized the shelf-similar Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. [fourteen]
  • Dictionary can now search Wikipedia, and a lexicon of Apple terminology as well. Also included is the Japanese-language dictionary Daijisen, Progressive E-J and Progressive J-E dictionaries, and the 25,000-give-and-take thesaurus Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten ( 使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ), all of which are provided past the Japanese publisher Shogakukan. [xv] [9]
  • A redesigned Finder , with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Flow and a Source list-like sidebar.
  • Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.
  • iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well as syncing result invitations from Mail. [16] The icon also reflects the current engagement even when the application is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would evidence July 17 in the icon any fourth dimension the application was non running but the electric current appointment when the awarding was running.
  • iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, blithe icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to contain images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are like to blush keys, but utilize a real-time deviation matte technique which does non require a light-green or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop. [11] [17] [xviii]
  • Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Jotter, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos use a system-wide service that is bachelor to all applications. [xix]
  • Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into one control panel, and the ability to share individual folders, a feature that had not been available since Mac Bone 9. [20]
  • Parental controls at present include the ability to place restrictions on utilise of the Internet and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup. [21]
  • Photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with existent-time filters and blueish/green-screen engineering.
  • Podcast Capture , an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a calculator running Mac OS X Server with Podcast Producer.
  • Preview adds back up for note, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Blastoff and size adjustment tools. [22]
  • Quick Expect , a framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and tin can preview it in full screen. [23] Plug-ins are available for Quick Look so that you can besides view other files, such as Installer Packages.

  • Safari three, which includes Web Prune.
  • Spaces , an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop. [24] Users tin can organize sure Spaces for certain applications (eastward.g., one for work-related tasks and one for amusement) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to encounter at a glance all desktops on one screen. [25] ) Users tin create and control up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched between each one, creating a very large workspace. The automobile-switching feature in Spaces has annoyed some of its users. Apple added a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this characteristic, but there were still bugs plant while switching windows. In 10.5.3, this trouble was addressed and was no longer an consequence. [26]
  • Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, as well equally the ability to search other computers (with advisable permissions). [27]
  • Fourth dimension Auto , an automated backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced past another version of a file. [28] Though mostly lauded in the press as a footstep frontwards for data recovery, Time Machine has been criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of third-party backup software. Analyzing the feature for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Fourth dimension Machine does not create bootable copies of backed-upwards volumes, does not back up to AirPort Disk hard drives and will not back upwards FileVault encrypted dwelling house directories until the user logs out, terminal that the feature is "pretty good at what it does" merely he volition merely utilise it every bit part of a "broader backup strategy". [29] [thirty] [31] One of these bug has been resolved, however; On March xix, 2008, updates were released for AirPort and Time Machine, allowing for Fourth dimension Machine to utilise a USB hard deejay which has been connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station. [32]
  • Universal Admission enhancements: meaning improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased support for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Speech communication synthesis voice. [33]
  • Many changes to the user interface , such as a transparent menu bar, new icons, and a 3D Dock. Every bit well every bit this, the Apple icon is now black instead of blue. R.50. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard'southward user interface, including the transparent menu bar and the new folder icons. [14] Decreased transparency of the menu bar, along with the ability to disable the carte bar transparency were added with the x.5.2 release on Feb 11, 2008. [34]
  • Russian language support, bringing the total to 18 languages. [35]
  • Leopard removes support for Archetype applications. [36]
  • Introduced the Alex vocalisation to VoiceOver .

Developer technologies [ edit ]

  • Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-bit applications, allowing 64-scrap Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should proceed to run without the need for emulation or translation. [37]
  • Leopard offers the Objective-C two.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with it. [38]
  • A new framework, Core Animation, allows a programmer to create complex animations while specifying only a "outset" and a "goal" space. The main goal of Core Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with modest amounts of programme code.
  • Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface chosen Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers tin can use to tune the functioning of the operating system and the applications that run on it. [39]
  • The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to utilize Python 2.v and Ruby 1.8.6 to interface with the Cocoa frameworks. [xl]
  • Ruby on Rails is included in the default install.
  • Leopard's OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.one, and uses LLVM to increment its vertex processing speed. [41] Apple has been working to become LLVM integrated into GCC; [42] LLVM'due south utilise within other operating arrangement facilities has not been announced.
  • The Graphics and Media State of the Matrimony address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
  • The FSEvents framework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree. [43]
  • Leopard includes a read-only implementation of the ZFS file system.
In mid-December 2006, a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Sun'due south ZFS. [44] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Sunday Microsystems, boasted on June half-dozen, 2007, that ZFS had go "the file organization" for Leopard. [45] All the same, the senior project marketing managing director for Mac OS X stated on June 11, 2007, that the existing HFS+, not ZFS, would be used in Leopard. Apple later clarified that a read-only version of ZFS would be included. [46]
  • Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading Hard disk DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Role player software can only play Hard disk drive DVDs authored past DVD Studio Pro. [47]
  • Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.g. textual) data.
  • Leopard is the first operating arrangement with open source BSD code to be certified as fully UNIX-compliant. [48] [49] Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification. [forty] The certification merely applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors. [49]
  • Leopard includes J2SE 5.0. [50]

Security enhancements [ edit ]

New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.

Library Randomization
Leopard implements library randomization, [9] which randomizes the locations of some libraries in memory. Vulnerabilities that corrupt program retention oft rely on known addresses for these library routines, which let injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address infinite layout randomization at a later date.
Application Layer Firewall
Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was nowadays in before releases of Mac Bone X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs pregnant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, jump to individual processes. The Application Layer Firewall can therefore brand filtering decisions on a per-awarding basis. Of the two firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less control over individual packet decisions (users can decide to let or deny connections system-broad or to individual applications, but must employ IPFW to ready fine-grained TCP/IP header-level policies). It besides makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered. [51]
Sandboxes
Leopard includes kernel-level support for part-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to forestall, for example, an awarding like Mail service from editing the password database.
Awarding Signing
Leopard provides a framework to use public key signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures tin also be used to ensure that one programme replacing another is truly an "update", and carry whatever special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to only clicking "OK" to everything.
Secure Invitee Account
Guests can be given admission to a Leopard organisation with an account that the system erases and resets at logout. [52]

Security features in Leopard have been criticized as weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. [53] [54] Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest business relationship" could be abused by Guests to retain admission to the system even later the Leopard log out process erased their home directory. [55] [56]

Arrangement requirements [ edit ]

Apple states the post-obit basic Leopard organization requirements, although, for some specific applications and features (such equally iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required: [57]

  • Processor: any Intel processor, or PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster) processor
  • Optical bulldoze: internal or external DVD drive (for installation of the operating arrangement)
  • Retentiveness: minimum 512 MB of RAM (boosted RAM (ane GB) is recommended for evolution purposes)
  • Hard drive capacity: Minimum 9 GB of disk space available.

Leopard'south retail version was not released in dissever versions for each type of processor, just instead consisted of one universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors. [37] However, the install discs that send with Intel-based Macs only incorporate Intel binaries.[ citation needed ]

Processor blazon and speed are checked during installation and installation halted if insufficient; however, Leopard volition run on slower G4 processor machines (east.g., a 733 MHz Quicksilver) if the installation is performed on a supported Mac and its hard drive then moved to a slower/unsupported one (the bulldoze may either be an internal mechanism or a Firewire external).[ commendation needed ]

Supported machines [ edit ]

Leopard tin can run on the later flat-panel iMac G4s, the iMac G5, iMac Intel Core Duo and iMac Intel Core 2 Duo, PowerBook G4, Power Mac G4, Ability Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and later eMac models. Leopard can run on older hardware equally long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867 MHz or faster, have at least 9 GB gratuitous of hard drive space, 512 MB RAM and take a DVD drive. Leopard even so volition not run on the 900 MHz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867 MHz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec back up in the G3 line of processors. Leopard tin be "hacked" (see beneath) to install on these G3 and pre-867 MHz G4 machines simply the system may carry erratically and many of the programs, features, and functions may non piece of work properly or at all. As of mid-2010, some Apple computers have firmware factory installed which will no longer permit installation of Mac Bone X Leopard. These computers merely allow installation of Mac OS Ten Snowfall Leopard.[ commendation needed ] However, some computers (such as the 2011 model of the Mac mini) tin have Leopard installed on them without hacking.[ citation needed ]

Usage on unsupported hardware [ edit ]

Some ways of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A common manner is apply of the programme LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader like in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing earlier releases of Mac Bone Ten on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac'southward Open Firmware to tell Leopard that the car does have a CPU meeting the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is allowed to commence, when in reality the CPU is slower. [58] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines.

Users who have admission to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported motorcar then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, so installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Disk Style. Leopard is but compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, as well equally Intel, so both of these methods will only work on Macs with G4 or subsequently CPUs. While some of the earlier beta releases were made to run on some later G3 machines (mostly later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some later on iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.

For a number of months afterward Leopard'due south release it appeared that the only G3 Macs on which Leopard could be run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics bill of fare, equally failures with the Bone partially booting before crashing were reported on older Macs such equally the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Blue & White Power Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will not fifty-fifty brainstorm to load without one) whereas information technology would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer restriction had been circumvented. Nonetheless, more recently it has been reported [59] [60] that with some more than work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the OS can be fabricated to run on G4-upgraded Macs as old as the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard tin can be run on any Mac with a G4 or subsequently processor, some functionality such as Front Row or Time Machine fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics carte, which many of the before G4s did not include in their factory specification.

Since Apple moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 customs has developed and at present also allows Mac OS 10 Tiger and afterwards releases to be installed and run successfully on non-Apple tree x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple'due south licensing agreement for Mac OS X.

Packaging [ edit ]

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger too came in the new smaller box). It too includes a lenticular encompass, making the X appear to float above a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper. [61]

Release history [ edit ]

Version Build Appointment OS proper name Notes Download
x.5 9A581 October 26, 2007 Darwin 9.0
xnu-1228~ane 		Original retail DVD release N/A
ten.five.1 9B18 Nov 15, 2007 Darwin 9.i
xnu-1228.0.2~ane 		About the Mac OS Ten x.v.1 Update; Second retail DVD release Mac OS 10 10.five.one Update
9B2117 Dec 14, 2007 Darwin 9.1.1 Forked build for Early 2008 Mac Pro and Xserve
ten.5.ii 9C31 February 11, 2008 Darwin ix.two
xnu-1228.3.xiii~1 		Nigh the Mac OS X x.5.two Update Mac OS X 10.v.2 Combo Update
9C7010 Darwin 9.two
ten.5.3 9D34 May 28, 2008 Darwin 9.3
xnu-1228.5.18~1 		About the Mac OS X 10.5.3 Update Mac Os 10 10.v.iii Update

Mac Os X ten.5.3 Combo Update

10.5.four 9E17 June thirty, 2008 Darwin nine.4
xnu-1228.5.20~1 		About the Mac OS X 10.five.4 update; Third retail DVD release Mac OS X x.5.4 Update

Mac Os 10 ten.5.4 Combo Update

x.5.5 9F33 September 15, 2008 Darwin nine.5
1228.7.58~1 		About the Mac OS 10 10.5.5 Update Mac OS 10 ten.5.five Update

Mac OS X 10.5.5 Combo Update

10.five.6 9G55 December 15, 2008 Darwin 9.half dozen About the Mac Bone X 10.5.6 Update Mac OS X 10.five.6 Update

Mac OS X 10.v.6 Combo Update

9G66 Jan 6, 2009 Fourth retail DVD release (role of Mac Box Set) N/A
9G71 N/A Darwin 9.6
xnu-1228.9.59~i 		N/A
ten.v.7 9J61 May 12, 2009 Darwin 9.7
xnu-1228.12.fourteen~one 		Nigh the Mac OS X ten.five.seven Update Mac OS X 10.v.7 Update

Mac Bone Ten 10.5.vii Combo Update

10.v.eight 9L30 August five, 2009 Darwin 9.8 About the Mac Bone X x.5.8 Update Mac Os X 10.5.8 Update

Mac Os X ten.5.eight Philharmonic Update

9L34 August 31, 2009 Darwin 9.8
xnu-1228.15.4~ane 		Mac Os 10 Server 10.5.8 Update v.1.1 N/A

Compatibility [ edit ]

After Leopard'southward release, there were widely reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during kicking on the blue screen that appears just before the login process starts. [62] Apple attributed these problems to an outdated version of an unsupported improver extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which had been incompatible with Leopard. Some users were unaware that APE had been silently installed during installation of Logitech mouse drivers. Still, only the users who did non have the latest version of APE installed (2.0.3 at that time) were affected. [63] Apple published a knowledge base article on how to solve this problem. [64]

Google announced that the Chrome browser will be dropping back up for Leopard starting with Chrome 21. By that fourth dimension Chrome volition no longer auto-update, and new Chrome installations are non allowed. Their rationale for removal of support is that Leopard is an "Bone X version also no longer being updated by Apple tree." [65]

Firefox also dropped support for Leopard later on it shipped Firefox 16 in October 2012. [66] TenFourFox is a port of Firefox for the PPC architecture, released later Firefox dropped support for Leopard.

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